I said previously that unconditional love is a religious concept. According to wikipedia it means showing love towards someone regardless of his or her actions or beliefs. It is hence something which is above and beyond human rationale and other material, earthly things and so implies the existence of a higher concept of being by which humans can associate with one another – the soul. This is all, of course, associated with spirituality which, by definition, is that which is above and beyond the material.
This just happens to be what we’re covering in our RE class at school at the moment.
But first, I’ll give you the low-down on my religious education teacher for this rotation – we’ll just call him Mr X, for Christ. He’s, well… Christian. Very Christian. He’s one of these bizarre born-again types – the product of an ‘epiphany’ he had when he was younger, when he was ‘touched by God’ and made the decision to devote the rest of his life to Him. You know the type.
And on the surface, he seems like the loveliest guy – annoying, but lovely. Everything he does is entirely New Testament – you know, turn the other cheek, love thy neighbour as you love yourself, etc – and he’s just very well-meaning. We spent our RE periods sitting in the circle of happiness while he sings hymns at us and tells us to ‘get in touch with our feelings’ and we’re all very awkward and polite and pretend to like it, even to each other.
Let’s get one thing straight: I’m not a ‘get in touch with my feelings’ kind of person. I’m a ’sit-in-the-corner-and-hate-everyone’ kind of person. And so that’s precisely what I’ve been doing, and thusly I’ve noticed that Mr X isn’t perhaps as kind and well-meaning as he may seem. He tells us to say whatever we feel, whether our beliefs are Christian or otherwise, but I can’t help but feel that he’s always subtly manipulating the conversation towards his way of thinking, and so we don’t notice when we automatically start thinking about things that way too.
Being in there has left me feeling vaguely annoyed for some time now, and I think that’s me just put my finger on why – On the surface, we’re made to feel that our discussions are completely open, without any boundaries. But I’m left feeling stifled because the topics are actually being closed in by boundaries I hadn’t yet detected.
How can he expect to encourage rational thought in people when the very topics we’re discussing have no place for that element?
An example, since I’m being annoyingly vague, is when we were talking about revenge. One of the boys said that if someone killed a family member of his, he’d hunt the murderer down and kill him in order to even the score. Mr X asked in response, ‘Do you think that would make you a better person?’
The boy said, ‘Yes, it would make me feel better.’
Mr X: ‘Yes, but would it make you a better person?’
And the boy just answered that question in the negative, without even pausing to think what it means. He didn’t even realise that being a ‘better person,’ or any kind of person, is an inherently Christian construct. In reality, I believe, there’s no such thing. Being a ‘bad’ or a ‘good’ person would imply that there’s a scale somewhere, that each of our actions is tallied on the spiritual blackboard under ‘bad’ or ‘good,’ to be totalled up at some point and then to be answered for – think end of the world, St. Peter at the gates of heaven scenario.
As a result, ‘bad’ and ‘good’ people are ascribed different characteristics – the concept of selfishness, for example, is commonly associated with being a bad person. Such a concept is equally vapid. The term ’selfishness’ is used to ascribe negative connotations to behaviour which, before human analysis, had was morally neutral (there being, at the time, no such thing as morality). Hoarding as much as you possibly can for yourself and/or immediate family is typical animal behaviour – it’s survival instinct. When an animal does this, no such associations with badness or selfishness are made. It’s the nature of living things to kill and compete with one another – the only difference between humans and other animals, therefore, is that the resources we’re competing for are themselves human contructs. Rather than food, or habitat, or sunlight, we compete for money. But it still all comes down to land and possesions.
In any case, it’s nothing to do with ‘right’ or ‘wrong.’ People will kill one another, people will fight with one another over material things, people will form purely sexual attachments – it’s human nature. It’s survival mechanisms that, while they are now fairly redundant, will stay with us because they’ve pretty much been bred into us, whatever that means. There’s nothing we can do, and despite the fact that our heightened intelligence makes us as a species, for some reason that I’ve yet to discover, feel the need to go against this, we will never be successful on a large scale.
I’m not saying we shouldn’t try to change it – to be ‘good people,’ as it were – I’m just saying we shouldn’t be disappointed when our efforts are fruitless. I’m only saying this because if everyone is nice to everyone else, the happiness of each individual is optimised. I don’t see morality in terms of a necessary categorical imperative - it’s just the avoidance of actions which would harm others. It all boils down to the very simple ethic of reciprocity – treat others as you would like to be treated.* Not because it is ‘just the right thing to do,’ or because it’ll look good on the blackboard when you get to the pearly gates, but because it maximises pleasure in this lifetime, which is quite possibly the only lifetime. In that way it ties in with this whole pleasure-seeking, hedonistic ideal I’ve been toying with. Actions which are considered ‘good’ are not so because they are inherently selfless, but because they are, in fact, selfish. Maximising the pleasure of others maximises one’s own pleasure.
I love it.
On that same vein, I give you psychological egoism, which is this delightful theory I stumbled across on wikipedia. Is it the view that humans are always motivated by rational self-interest, even in what seem to be acts of altruism. It really hit a chord with me, because I know we’ve all secretly wondered if our selfless actions are actually selfless. And, I suppose you can guess, I don’t think they are. It’s a well-known fact that we get a ‘good feeling’ out of doing something generally considered to be good, or that we know will benefit someone. There’s are feelings of pride and self-worth which come with making sacrifices for people. Of course, in lower animals, feelings such as pride and self-worth don’t exist, and so no animal ever does anything altruistic. And then of course, there might be a belief in karma, and so good actions are perceived to lead to an indirect benefit to oneself.
But all this doesn’t really matter. The motivations behind a ‘good’ action are superfluous – as long as it results in the maximisation of happiness (not necessarily for the greatest number of people – I’m not too sure about the whole Consequentialist thing) then who cares why someone did it?
*Of course the problem with this is that our actions don’t just directly affect others, they also indirectly affect people, which makes consideration of whether an action will unnecessarily hurt people much less simple.